The AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) was the originator of the 300 and 400 series numbering system (i.e., Type 304 stainless steel). They also published a Stainless Steel products manual that listed these designations and the chemical analysis as well as most mechanical and physical properties of each individual grade. They are NOT specifications as such, just definitions of the individual...

What are the benefits, with respect to residual stresses, of a seamless hollow-core forging over rolled and welded plate that is subsequently processed (machining, heat treating, etc.)?In general, distortion of a component will occur when the stress states of either the individual components or the assembly as a whole shift from one state of equilibrium to a new equilibrium state. The presence of ...

There is a widely held view that stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Sheffield metallurgist Harry Brearley. He was experimenting with different types of steel for weapons and noticed that a 13% Chromium steel had not corroded after several months. However, the picture is much more complex than this. For a comprehensive view read The Discovery of Stainless Steel.

Most decisions about which steel to use are based on a combination of the following factors:What is the corrosive environment? – Atmospheric, water, concentration of particular chemicals, chloride content, presence of acid.What is the temperature of operation? – High temperatures usually accelerate corrosion rates and therefore indicate a higher grade. Low temperatures will require a tough austeni...

There are many different types of surface finish on stainless steel. Some of these originate from the mill but many are applied later during processing, for example polished, brushed, blasted, etched and coloured finishes.The importance of surface finish in determining the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel surface cannot be overemphasised. A rough surface finish can effectively lower the...

Metal materials are usually classified into ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, and specialty metallic materials.(1) Ferrous metals, also known as steel materials, include industrial pure iron containing more than 90% of iron, 2% to 4% of carbon containing carbon, carbon steel containing less than 2% carbon, and structural steel and stainless steel for various purposes. Heat resistant steel, high ...

Possible causes of insufficient or uneven hardness:1) The mold has a large cross section, and the hardenability of the steel is poor. For example, a large mold has a steel with low hardenability.2) Carbide segregation or coarse structure in the original microstructure of the die steel, segregation and aggregation of graphite carbon and carbide in the steel.3) The mold forging process is not correc...

The salt spray test is divided into two categories, one is the natural environmental exposure test, and the other is the artificial accelerated simulated salt spray environment test. The artificial simulated salt spray environment test uses a test equipment with a certain volume space, the salt spray test chamber, to artificially use the salt spray environment in the volume space to assess the sal...

Neutral salt spray test (NSS);Acetate spray test (AASS);Copper accelerated acetate spray test (CASS);Alternating salt spray test.

The salt spray test is an accelerated corrosion resistance evaluation method for an artificial atmosphere. It atomizes a certain concentration of salt water; it is sprayed in a closed incubator to reflect the corrosion resistance of the sample to be tested by observing the change of the sample to be placed in the box for a period of time. It is an accelerated test. The method has the salt concentr...

Avoiding OD and ID Concentricity Requirements in Tube SourcingCu018Like a circle in a spiral, like a wheel within a wheel, tubing OD and ID measurements with concentricity requirements can add up to one big headache! We all know that small parts sourcing is not a perfect world. (Heck, that’s why tolerances exist in the first place!) Yet, sometimes, a drawing will indicate that concentricity is req...

(1) Roughing of hardened steel: In the production process of gears and ring gears that have undergone heat treatment during turning, some gears, ring gears are quenched or carburized and quenched. The hardness is generally above HRC55, and some hardness reaches HRC60 or even HRC65. Some gears have serious deformation after heat treatment, especially the large ring gear and large gear after carburi...

Quenched steel must be finished after heat treatment to ensure the dimensions and surface roughness required by the drawings. However, the quenched steel after heat treatment is difficult to machine due to its high hardness. Some workpieces require intermittent cutting or high surface accuracy. The grinding method was often used to improve the quality of hardened steel. Workpiece accuracy, the fol...

The reason why quenched steel has good performance, heat treatment is an unavoidable process. Common heat treatment processes for quenched steel include annealing, quenching, and tempering. Annealing is before the cutting process, the purpose is to reduce the hardness of the metal material, improve the plasticity, in order to facilitate cutting or pressure processing, reduce the residual stress. Q...

(1) High hardness, high strength, and almost no plasticity: This is the main cutting characteristic of hardened steel. When the hardness of hardened steel reaches HRC50-60, its strength can reach σb=2100～2600MPa. According to the grading rules of the processing property of processed materials, the hardness and strength of hardened steel are all grade 9a, and it belongs to the most difficult cuttin...

Polishing and buffing are finishing processes for smoothing a workpiece's surface using an abrasive and a work wheel or a leather strop. Technically polishing refers to processes that use an abrasive that is glued to the work wheel, while buffing uses a loose abrasive applied to the work wheel. Polishing i...

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Cold drawn steel: speed and accuracy Cold Drawn or machined sections offer a huge increase in dimensional accuracy. This happens usually at a premium cost. Carried out at room temperature, lubricated steel billets are pulled through a die for this. So the workers produce a finished shape of high dimensional accuracy and...

How many types of stainless steel are there?Stainless steel is usually divided into 5 types:1.Ferritic – These steels are based on Chromium with small amounts of Carbon usually less than 0.10%. These steels have a similar microstructure to carbon and low alloy steels. They are usually limited in use to relatively thin sections due to lack of toughness in welds. However, where welding is not requir...

What forms of corrosion can occur in stainless steels?The most common forms of corrosion in stainless steel are:1.Pitting corrosion - The passive layer on stainless steel can be attacked by certain chemical species. The chloride ion Cl- is the most common of these and is found in everyday materials such as salt and bleach. Pitting corrosion is avoided by making sure that stainless steel does not c...

Does stainless steel corrode?Although stainless steel is much more resistant to corrosion than ordinary carbon or alloy steels, in some circumstances it can corrode. It is 'stain-less' not 'stain-impossible'. In normal atmospheric or water based environments, stainless steel will not corrode as demonstrated by domestic sink units, cutlery, saucepans and work-surfaces.In more aggressive conditions,...

Is stainless steel non-magnetic?It is commonly stated that “stainless steel is non-magnetic”. This is not strictly true and the real situation is rather more complicated. The degree of magnetic response or magnetic permeability is derived from the microstructure of the steel. A totally non-magnetic material has a relative magnetic permeability of 1. Austenitic structures are totally non-magnetic a...

Most decisions about which stainless steel to use are based on a combination of the following factors:What is the corrosive environment? – Atmospheric, water, concentration of particular chemicals, chloride content, presence of acid.What is the temperature of operation? – High temperatures usually accelerate corrosion rates and therefore indicate a higher grade. Low temperatures will require a tou...

A steelmaking process that smelts metals and other materials using arc heat effects. Three-phase AC arc furnaces for steelmaking are the most common direct heating electric arc furnaces. In the steelmaking process, since there is no flammable gas in the furnace, oxidizing or reducing atmospheres and conditions can be formed according to the process requirements, so it can be used for smelting high...

A converter steelmaking method in which molten iron is blown into steel from the top of a converter with pure oxygen, or LD method; in the United States, it is generally called BOF method, also called BOP method. It is the main method of modern steelmaking. The furnace is an upright, dome-shaped container that is inserted into the furnace from the top with an upright water-cooled lance to supply o...

The invention relates to a steelmaking method which does not require an external heating source and mainly uses liquid pig iron as a raw material. Its main feature is that the physical heat of the liquid pig iron in the converter and the components in the pig iron, such as carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus and the like, are generated by the chemical reaction of oxygen sent into the furnace as...

Ultrasonic testing is suitable for non-destructive testing of various test pieces such as metal, non-metal and composite materials. The defect positioning is accurate, the detection cost is low, the speed is fast, and the equipment is light.

Magnetic particle inspection is a non-destructive testing method for detecting defects at the surface or near surface of a ferromagnetic material by depositing magnetic powder in a magnetic field near the defect.

Thermal Deformation and Cold Deformation Behavior of Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Boiler Material 617B at 700 °C (A-USC) Coal-based thermal power generation dominates China's power production. At present, the steam temperature of thermal power boilers is about 600 °C (u...

There are as many types of sheet metal as there are types of metal. If an alloy can be stretched out into a sheet, that is all it takes to be sheet metal. Sheet metal is categorized by their alloy, thickness, and then further categorized by its hardness, method of manufacturing, tensile strength, and quali...

Bearings are widely used in major equipment fields such as mining machinery, precision machine tools, metallurgical equipment, heavy equipment and high-end cars, and emerging industries such as wind power, high-speed rail and aerospace. The bearings produced in China are mainly medium and low-end bearings and small and medium-sized bearings, which are characterized by low-end surplus and high-end ...

Spring steel is mainly used in the automotive, engine manufacturing and railway industries. At present, the problems of Chinese spring steel products are that there are excess middle and low-end products, and there are no high-end and special varieties. China spring steel has a big gap with foreign countries in terms of purity, fatigue resistance, surface quality and quality stability. It meets th...

The service life of the bearing is affected by many parameters that are not controlled by the bearing manufacturers. For example, bearing mounting, temperature, exposure to external environment, lubricant cleanliness and electrical currents through bearings etc. High frequency PWM inverters can induce curr...

L10 life Bearings are often specified to give an "L10" life (outside the USA, it may be referred to as "B10" life.) This is the life at which ten percent of the bearings in that application can be expected to have failed due to classical fatigue failure (and not any other mode of failure like lubrication st...

Forging reduction should be sufficient to consolidate the defects inherent to the casting process such as porosity and other voids while achieving a general wrought structure by breaking down the cast structure. A 3-to-1 reduction, using the open die process, is usually sufficient to achieve these results (with strict control of the process, less than 3-to-1 can be sufficient). Depending on the al...

Forgings are produced using the open die forging process through the controlled application of compressive stresses while the metal is heated in the plastic regime. The metal, once subjected to the compressive stress, will flow in any unconstrained direction. The expanding metal will stretch the existing grains and, if the temperature is within the forging temperature region, will recrystallize an...