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What is the optimum reduction needed for forging?

Forging reduction should be sufficient to consolidate the defects inherent to the casting process such as porosity and other voids while achieving a general wrought structure by breaking down the cast structure. A 3-to-1 reduction, using the open die process, is usually sufficient to achieve these results (with strict control of the process, less than 3-to-1 can be sufficient). Depending on the alloy and customer requirements, higher reduction may be necessary to achieve certain additional mechanical or physical requirements.